![]() ![]() The study also reported lower COVID-19 survival probability among patients with vitamin D levels below 30 nmol/L.Ī study comparing vitamin D levels between inpatients who exhibited severe symptoms of COVID-19 and outpatients with milder disease symptoms found that patients with severe symptoms had significantly lower median vitamin D levels (less than 12 ng/mL). However, studies showed no significant direct association between C-reactive protein and vitamin D levels. Patients whose vitamin D levels were higher than 75 nmol/L showed lower inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein. The review examined a study that evaluated the impact of vitamin D on inflammatory cytokine levels and found significantly higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in individuals with vitamin D deficiency. With a p-value of 0.059, this difference was considered near significant. The average median serum vitamin D values for COVID-19-positive patients was 27.08 nmol/L, compared to the 48.67 nmol/L among COVID-19-negative individuals. The serum vitamin D levels were also not significantly different when compared between COVID-19 survivors and mortalities. However, when vitamin D levels were compared with the progression of COVID-19 severity, the results were not statistically significant. The results were near significant when median serum vitamin D levels in COVID-19-positive individuals were compared to those in COVID-19-negative individuals. Furthermore, they explored studies that examined vitamin D levels concerning hospitalization duration. The researchers also used the t-test to determine differences in vitamin D levels between severe and moderate COVID-19 cases and between COVID-19 survivors and those who succumbed to the disease. Additionally, the P-value and 95% confidence intervals were also calculated. The study analyzed the means and standard deviations of vitamin D levels in COVID-19 positive and negative individuals using a meta-analysis effect size calculator. The review included case-controlled, cross-sectional, observational, clinical, retrospective, and prospective cohort studies that compared median serum vitamin D levels to COVID-19 positivity rates, hospitalizations, COVID-19 severity, and survivors and survivors non-survivors. In the present study, the researchers conducted a systematic review of studies that examined the progression of COVID-19 severity based on the vitamin D levels of patients. Understanding the association between vitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity could provide methods to protect individuals against severe outcomes proactively. The active form of vitamin D, calcitriol, is also known to activate antiviral peptides. Vitamin D regulates the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, with studies showing significant protective effects of vitamin D supplementation against acute respiratory infections. The increased immune response during the cytokine storm can damage tissues and organs and has been linked to long-term fatigue and systemic complications experienced after recovery.Ĭytokine storm is an imbalance in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (INF-γ), and interleukins 6 (IL-6) and 1 beta (IL-1β), and anti-inflammatory factors such IL-10. The entry and rapid replication of the virus disrupt the epithelial-endothelial barrier, causing inflammatory response dysregulation and triggering a cytokine storm. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters the body through the respiratory system, where the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptors on the bronchial and nasal epithelia. Pegylated interferon lambda shows good efficacy against COVID-19.Mucoactive drugs block SARS-CoV-2 infection.Comparison of pre- and post-Omicron disease severity among unvaccinated people without risk factors. ![]()
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